T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ax\u00edt sulfuric 100%, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t SO3<\/sub><\/a> \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ax\u00edt 98,3%. Ax\u00edt 98% c\u0169ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n khi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ax\u00edt sulfuric \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c<\/i>. C\u00e1c n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9<\/a> kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ax\u00edt sulfuric \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0:<\/p>\n C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau. Lo\u1ea1i H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub> k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tinh khi\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n. Lo\u1ea1i tinh khi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i US Pharmacopoeia<\/i> (USP) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m<\/a> v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m<\/a>.<\/p>\n Khi c\u00f3 SO3<\/sub>(kh\u00ed<\/a>)<\/i> n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o ax\u00edt sulfuric, th\u00ec H2<\/sub>S2<\/sub>O7<\/sub> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ax\u00edt sulfuric b\u1ed1c kh\u00f3i hay \u00f4leum<\/a>, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ax\u00edt Nordhausen. N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4leum ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n theo\u00a0% SO3<\/sub> (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0% \u00f4leum) ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 “% H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub> (l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam n\u01b0\u1edbc H2<\/sub>O); c\u00e1c n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 40% \u00f4leum (109% H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>) v\u00e0 65% \u00f4leum (114,6% H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>). H2<\/sub>S2<\/sub>O7<\/sub> tinh khi\u1ebft tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 36\u00a0\u00b0C.<\/p>\n T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ng\u1eadm n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/a> (hy\u0111rat h\u00f3a) c\u1ee7a ax\u00edt sulfuric l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ecfa nhi\u1ec7t<\/a> cao. N\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o ax\u00edt sulfuric \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u1ecb s\u00f4i v\u00e0 b\u1eafn ra r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m. Do v\u1eady, khi pha lo\u00e3ng ax\u00edt ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam ax\u00edt v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ax\u00edt<\/b>. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 do t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a hai ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, trong khi n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng<\/a>th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ax\u00edt sulfuric n\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed5i l\u00ean tr\u00ean. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y n\u00f3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ion hi\u0111r\u00f4ni<\/a>, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n Sau \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n Do s\u1ef1 hy\u0111rat h\u00f3a<\/a> c\u1ee7a ax\u00edt sulfuric l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng thu\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc<\/a> (\u0394H<\/a> = 880 kJ<\/a>\/mol<\/a>), ax\u00edt sulfuric l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i hoa qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4. \u00c1i l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ax\u00edt sulfuric \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hi\u0111r\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u00f4xy t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a ch\u00fang; v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucoza<\/a>(C6<\/sub>H12<\/sub>O6<\/sub>) s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ax\u00edt sulfuric \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c h\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o ra cacbon<\/a> nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch ax\u00edt s\u1ebd lo\u00e3ng ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat: C6<\/sub>H12<\/sub>O6<\/sub> \u2192 6C + 6H2<\/sub>O.<\/p>\n Mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ax\u00edt<\/a>, ax\u00edt sulfuric ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c baz\u01a1<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra mu\u1ed1i sulfat<\/a> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, sulfat \u0111\u1ed3ng(II)<\/a>, m\u1ed9t mu\u1ed1i m\u00e0u xanh lam quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/a> v\u00e0 l\u00e0m thu\u1ed1c di\u1ec7t n\u1ea5m<\/a>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4x\u00edt \u0111\u1ed3ng (II)<\/a> v\u1edbi ax\u00edt sulfuric:<\/p>\n Ax\u00edt sulfuric c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ax\u00edt y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n ra kh\u1ecfi mu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 natri axetat<\/a> t\u1ea1o ra ax\u00edt axetic<\/a>:<\/p>\n T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ax\u00edt sulfuric v\u1edbi kali nitrat<\/a> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ax\u00edt nitric, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a bisulfat kali<\/a>. V\u1edbi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ax\u00edt nitric th\u00ec ax\u00edt sulfuric c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ax\u00edt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ion nitronium<\/a> NO2<\/sub>+<\/sup>, l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nitrat h\u00f3a<\/a> c\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra thay th\u1ebf v\u00f2ng th\u01a1m \u00e1i l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/a>. Lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 proton h\u00f3a di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u00f4xy, l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/a>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n este h\u00f3a Fischer<\/a> v\u00e0 kh\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a r\u01b0\u1ee3u<\/a>.<\/p>\n Ax\u00edt sulfuric ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00ed hi\u0111r\u00f4<\/a> v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i sulfat c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i. Ax\u00edt H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub> lo\u00e3ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1eaft<\/a>, nh\u00f4m<\/a>, k\u1ebdm<\/a>, mangan<\/a>v\u00e0 niken<\/a>, nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfc<\/a> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/a> th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ax\u00edt \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00f3ng. Ch\u00ec<\/a> v\u00e0 vonfram<\/a> l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a ax\u00edt sulfuric. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft ch\u1ec9 ra d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u kim lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi thi\u1ebfc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh<\/a> (sulfur \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u0111r\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n
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